云南松林野生食用菌物種多樣性及保護對策 Species diversity of wild edible mushrooms from Pinus yunnanensis forests and conservation strategies 于富強　 劉培貴　 摘　要：近年來,隨著野生食用菌的商業(yè)化采收規(guī)模急劇擴大,云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林下野生食用菌尤其是野生貿(mào)易真菌的種類和產(chǎn)量呈逐年下降趨勢.作者于2000-2004年夏,對滇中及其鄰近地區(qū)云南松林下野生食用菌的資源狀況進行了調(diào)查研究.作者共采集、鑒定標本457號,并對他人采自云南松林下的152號館藏標本也進行了重新鑒定,共統(tǒng)計野生食用菌27科39屬147種(含變種、變型);同時對市場上出售的采自云南松林下的野生食用菌類群也進行了調(diào)查統(tǒng)計,共收集、鑒定標本167號,計21科33屬97種(含變種、變型).調(diào)查結果顯示,目前記錄云南松林產(chǎn)野生食用菌共計27科43屬211種(含變種、變型),野生貿(mào)易真菌有23科35屬111種(含變種、變型).其中紅菇科(Russulaceae)的種數(shù)最多,包括紅菇屬(Russula)32種,乳菇屬(Lactarius)17種,分別占總種數(shù)的15.17%和8.06%;牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)占第二位,有41種,占總種數(shù)的19.43%.其次是口蘑科(Tricholomataceae)17種,占總種數(shù)的8.06%.叢枝瑚菌科(Ramariaceae)有11種,乳牛肝菌科(Suillaceae)11種,雞油菌科(Cantharellaceae)9種,三者的種數(shù)占總種數(shù)的百分比分別為5.21%、5.21%和4.27%.在這些類群當中,紅菇屬、牛肝菌屬(Boletus)、乳菇屬、乳牛肝菌屬(Suillus)、枝瑚菌屬(Ramaria)、口蘑屬(Tricholoma)、雞油菌屬(Cantharellus)和革菌屬(Thelephora)的30余種真菌為云南市場上最為常見的野生貿(mào)易類群,約占云南優(yōu)勢野生貿(mào)易真菌種數(shù)的47.50%.作者呼吁立即采取行之有效的措施保護和管理這些珍貴的自然資源,并加強研究,以期達到持續(xù)利用之目的. 關鍵詞：Pinus yunnanensis,菌根性食用菌,野生貿(mào)易真菌,物種多樣性,保護與管理 基金項目：美國國家地理學會 (National Geographic Society C56-04)和中科院知識創(chuàng)新工程重要方向項目 (KSCXZ-1-09-06, KSCX2-SW-101C) 作者簡介：劉培貴,通訊作者 Author for correspondence. 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